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Transmission line protection with high penetration of renewable generation
Stephens, Jeffrey
Stephens, Jeffrey
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2019
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Abstract
The design of transmission system protection and relaying schemes are becoming more complex year after year, especially considering the increase in penetration of large utility scale renewable energy resources like wind and solar. These renewable resources are making a surge in an effort to reduce carbon emissions and help make the world an energy-sustainable place for the distant future. In order to include large scale renewables and other forms of disturbances without causing massive grid failure in the already congested transmission network, engineers have developed communication-aided means of protective relaying. These methods include Permissive Over-reaching Transfer Trip (POTT), Directional Current Blocking (DCB), Directional Current Un-Blocking (DCUB), Line Current Differential (LCD), adaptive relaying, and many other creative protection schemes. Adaptive relaying, the latest advancement in protection design, uses the same current and voltage measurements from instrument transformers as the traditional methods do, but the relay then performs real-time calculations and “adapts” to the changing situation on the line. These settings could be used in conjunction with other applications in order to more effectively protect equipment. These communication aided schemes allow lines to clear faults faster than traditional methods ever could. The additional operating time saved can prove to be very costly in a transmission system where large fault currents can be very damaging to equipment and could cause cascading failure or worse - a massive blackout. This thesis encompasses the basics of transmission line protective relaying as well as adaptive relaying protection principles and how they apply to transmission lines with large amounts of renewable energy penetration. In addition, an analysis of current and future renewable growth is included for the readers to appreciate the scope of this thesis. A model is used to represent a real-life scenario using Computer Aided Protection Engineering (CAPE) software. The thesis contribution includes bridging the gap between the existing grid and future renewable energy needs with the technical feasibility of interconnecting these renewables with the power system. This thesis also contributes by providing a case study of a utility scale model of a dynamic power system with a long transmission line connected to a remote renewable generation source.
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