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The image above is cropped from "Guggenheim Hall, carillon tower" with the "M" on Mount Zion in the background.
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Comparison of co-located laser and metal oxide continuous monitoring systemsAccurate measurement of methane (CH4) concentrations on oil and gas sites is essential for accurate estimates of methane emission rates via inversion algorithms. Different types of continuous monitoring sensors are offered as commercial solutions, with varying accuracy. In this paper we compare data from co-located Metal Oxide (MOx) and Laser Spectroscopy (LS) sensors on a midstream oil and gas site, with the goal of quantifying the differences in raw concentration measurements between the two technologies. We first analyze the impact of meteorological variables on the difference between MOx and LS concentrations measurements taken at the same time and location, finding that temperatures from 30 to 70 degrees Fahrenheit and higher humidity contribute to larger concentration differences on average. Further, analysis of enhanced methane concentrations (likely from emissions on the site) recorded by both sets of sensors reveals that the LS sensors consistently record larger methane concentrations during these periods. This difference means that when using concentration measurements from both sensor technologies in inversion algorithms to estimate emission rates, using MOx sensor data would likely lead to underestimating emission rates, although we did not test this explicitly in this report.
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Deployment of climate change adaptation technologiesDeveloping countries are seriously impacted by climate change. The World's 55 most climate-vulnerable have already lost 20% of their GDP.[1] Achieving the long-term goals of the 2015 Paris Agreement [2] to tackle climate change adaptation would require both new and emerging technologies as well as innovative business models and markets for their successful deployment at scale in developing countries.
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InSAR and its applications in geo-engineering: case studies with different platforms and sensorsInSAR (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar) is a microwave remote sensing technique that uses the phase shift of radar signals acquired at different timeframes to measure or monitor ground deformation. InSAR has many implications, such as monitoring ground deformation caused by natural- or geo-hazards, e.g., earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, anthropogenic activities, groundwater pumping, underground mining, and hydrocarbon extraction. InSAR can also be utilized to study infrastructure displacements and environmental changes, such as monitoring changes in surface water level, mapping floods, soil moisture contents (at a shallow depth), and deforestation. The first significant application of SAR is the deployment of real-aperture radar interferometry to study the topography of the Moon in the early 1970s. However, InSAR was not widely used due to the limitations of computation capacity and the sparse availa-ble SAR data until the early 1990s. A major milestone for InSAR applications came in the 1990s when researchers used SAR data to measure ground deformation induced by the Landers Earthquake in California, and one of the publications landed on the cover of Nature magazine. This landmark achievement brought widespread recognition to the potential of InSAR for mapping ground deformation. Over the past two decades, the computation power and availability of SAR data have improved considerably with the launch of more satellites carrying SAR sensors. This paper presents a brief introduction to the history and fundamentals of InSAR, as well as case studies of its applications in the geo-engineering fields, including landslide displacement monitoring and underground excavation-induced ground subsidence mapping.
