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Comprehensive evaluation of advanced water treatment processes for the treatment and desalination of produced water

Van Houghton, Brett D.
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Abstract
With increasing population, industrial development, and global temperatures, water scarcity is the biggest challenge the world is facing today. As a result, the importance of the research, development, and implementation of advanced water treatment processes to treat waste streams previously considered too difficult and expensive for beneficial reuse has never been higher, with an emphasis on waste streams affecting the water-food-energy nexus. One such waste stream is the wastewater generated from unconventional oil and gas operations, particularly waste from hydraulic fracturing (HF). This water, termed produced water (PW), is currently being managed mostly through disposal by deep-well injection as this is the least expensive way to deal with PW. Therefore, it is critical to develop treatment processes that are effective in removing contaminants while reducing treatment costs closer to the costs of disposal. Biological wastewater treatment of conventional waste streams (i.e., municipal wastewater) is an effective pretreatment strategy for the removal of organic compounds before membrane desalination (e.g., reverse-osmosis (RO)) to mitigate biofouling. Unfortunately, PW can limit biological pretreatment and desalination options due to the high concentrations of total dissolved solids (TDS) which can devastate a microbial community and eliminate the effectiveness of RO when TDS concentrations exceed 50 g/LTDS (a common occurrence with PW with TDS ranging from 10 g/L to 250 g/L). A more thorough understanding of how these processes perform when treating PW, through the use of pilot-scale experiments and data collection, is therefore necessary to fill this knowledge gap. Thus, the objective of this dissertation was to evaluate the efficacy and environmental impact of a cost-effective treatment trains for high salinity PW. This was be accomplished through long-term pilotscale testing on the effectiveness and resiliency of a biological pretreatment process on high salinity PW, a membrane bioreactor (MBR). Additionally, this dissertation describes a comprehensive environmental water quality analysis of PW chemistry, including toxic effects on human cells, throughout a complete treatment train that includes MBR pretreatment and membrane distillation for desalination. Finally, this dissertation evaluated the performance and practicality of a novel desalination process, LSRRO, to desalinate high salinity PW after several pretreatment steps, including MBR.
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