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Time-lapse interpretation of P-wave data for a hydraulically fractured reservoir, Wattenberg field, Colorado
White, Matthew D.
White, Matthew D.
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2015
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Abstract
Hydraulic fracturing technology has contributed to making production from low permeability source rocks economic for oil and gas companies. However, few direct observations have been made regarding the physical modifications of the reservoir resulting from the hydraulic fracturing process. This thesis investigates the time-lapse seismic response generated by hydraulically fracturing an unconventional reservoir. Compressional seismic data sets were acquired before and after completions in a single section in Wattenberg Field, CO. Cross-equalization of the time-lapse seismic data sets was required for the comparison of seismic amplitudes. A time-shift anomaly and amplitude anomaly were observed in the reservoir interval, and time-lapse changes are spatially aligned with the wellbores. To understand the physical change that caused this seismic anomaly, percentage change of acoustic P-impedance was calculated. A decrease in the acoustic P-impedance of up to 7% was observed from the baseline to the monitor survey in the reservoir interval. This observation was put into physical context through interpretation of a structural geologic model, and completions parameter and timing. An increase in pore pressure due to hydraulic fracturing was interpreted as the physical mechanism causing the change in P-impedance. Hydraulic fracturing is highly dependent on local geology, and the integration of geoscience with parameter design is necessary for optimization. Seismic monitoring can assist assist reservoir management of Wattenberg Field.
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